Foundation of the American Legal System Essay example

Unit 3 assignment Name Kaplan University LS100 Describe the organization and foundation of the American legal system. Explain the different roles of the federal and state government. The American legal system consists of two separate levels of court, defined as federalism, which together administer and enforce the laws in the United States. Federalism distributes the government powers between both the federal governments and the state governments, which ensures that the power of the national government is decentralized. The US Constitution divides the federal government into three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch, consisting of the House of Representative and the Senate, make laws,†¦show more content†¦Each state prosecutes crimes committed against the state or society as a whole. Each state court must adhere to guidelines set forth by the federal government. Crimes against a state are held to a higher standard and must prove a party is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Whereas crimes against an individual are civil cases, generally do not result in jail time and have a lower burden of proof. I agree with federalism because it ensures that one group never has too much power. Additionally, different states may have different values or needs and should be able to adopt their own policies. The structure of the legal systems ensures that no one branch has unlimited power and allows the three branches to keep each other in check. The organization o f the American legal system is both diverse and unified at the same time. Describe the Supremacy Clause and explain what happens when there is a direct conflict between federal and state law. The US Constitution defines the federal government as â€Å"The Supreme Law of the land†, known as the Supremacy Clause. Article VI, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution states that, should the federal government exercise their rights enumerated in the Constitution, they would prevail over any conflicting state implementation of power. The clause ensures that the federal laws take precedence over state laws and ensures that state judges uphold these laws. The Supremacy Clause checks the power of the local governments byShow MoreRelatedComparing the Constitution as a Source of Law With Other Legal Sources1105 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution as a Source of Law with Other Legal Sources As July 4th gets ever closer, this is the time to appreciate our founding fathers and the Constitution they drafted in the early years of the United States. The Constitution is a major document within American history that sits at the very foundation of other legal processes here in the United States. It helps protect relations between states, our legal process, and our basic rights as American citizens. Other legal sources, such as state and localRead MoreThe Formation Of Islamic And Western Law995 Words   |  4 PagesIslamic law, or Shariah, is legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. The formation of Islamic and Western law has similar types of foundation structures that have supported what it is today. There are also many different ways people can interpret Shariah and apply it to modern society. Although there are strong influences that hinder the practice of Islamic law, abandoning the law is not the best solution to countries in turmoil. Islamic Law The formation of Islamic law is thoughtRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )956 Words   |  4 Pageslegislation had, as their target objective, the goal of reforming healthcare in the United States, so that more Americans had greater access to more affordable, better quality healthcare/healthcare-related services, at lower cost to the government. The Affordable Care Act is therefore but the latest culmination of these varying pieces of legislation, and their objectives, into a large, system-changing piece of legislation which continue to effect healthcare practice and delivery in the United StatesRead MoreComparison Of American And Chinese Legal Culture1609 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of American and Chinese legal culture Abstract: The legal culture is a national, regional or national basis in certain social and material conditions, the state power by the creation of a common legal system constraints and determine the status of the legal system of values and attitudes in the whole society and culture. Thus, each country has its own unique legal culture. By selecting the most typical American and Chinese legal cultures of two different aspects: the legal standard, comparativeRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Rights And Social Justice1015 Words   |  5 Pagesorder for human rights to exist, there must be some sort of legal institution that allows for human rights to be implemented and respected within society. The human rights of every individual on the planet cannot exist, if there is no law or legislation to give force and effect to it. Human rights do no exist simply because of the â€Å"wants† of human beings, humans cannot simply want human rights and social justice. There must be a foundation for hu man rights to be built upon, and human rights are formalizedRead MoreThe Political Environment of the Philippines1001 Words   |  5 Pagesrule presided in governmental issues, the decline did not escalate till 1898 when American influence began. The Treaty of Paris was enacted and Spain gave the U.S. all right to claim P.I. as a U.S. colony. Constitutional framework of the current government The Treaty of Paris led to the Malolos constitution after 1898. This governments first constitution was modeled from France, Belgium and some South American republics. The Philippine bill of rights was also drafted from the same nationsRead MoreGender Identification : An Exploration Of The Transgender Group1625 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant for members of society to interact with one another without discrimination or making a person feel like they have to conform to their biological status. The nonprofit organization Planned Parenthood defines gender as a person’s â€Å"boy or girl legal and social status they were born with†, and gender identity as a â€Å"personal choice of gender expression (Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc., 2007).† When defining gender and gender identity, sexuality plays a role in understanding a person’sRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United StatesRead Mor eAnalysis Of Brown V. Board Of Education1367 Words   |  6 Pagesin American Higher Education? An analysis of Brown v. Board of Education The history of education, much like the history of America, is rooted in severe discrimination and exploitation. The education system engendered a foundation that is grounded in the popular ideal of â€Å"the group† and â€Å"the other.† These groups dominated educational institutions for many generations and remained unchallenged despite growing unrest surrounding the popular belief. It was not until the 1950’s that this system ofRead MoreThe U.S. Supreme Court Is The Ultimate Authority In The1634 Words   |  7 PagesSupreme Court is the ultimate authority in the American legal system and is the central institution that coordinates laws that affect the American society every day. The Supreme Court has issued verdicts on issues that involves the rights of citizens, including those of women, minorities, elderly, disabled, gays, young people, and many others. These changes have had both positive and adverse outcomes that ostensibly improve the status of the Amer ican people and defining the rights of lawbreakers.

The Views Of Karl Marx And Charles Darwin - 1376 Words

The Views of Karl Marx and Charles Darwin The statement made by Professor T. Huxley has stated that Karl Marx and Charles Darwin are very similar in uses of reason and the scientific method in order to create a world that offers more equality and justice, and in their faith in progress. I believe that he is correct in saying that they are similar in their use of reason and the scientific method. Looking deeper into it I think that they differ in the regard of bringing equality and justice to the world. Marx, in the words of Frederick Engels, is the Darwin of history; â€Å"This proposition, which, in my opinion, is destined to do for history what Darwin’s theory has done for biology, we, both of us, had been gradually approaching for†¦show more content†¦Marx did the same thing in The Communist Manifesto. In the first section of the Manifesto Marx states â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,† (Marx, 9). This is very similar to the foundation of natural selection being that it all roots from the struggle for existence. Marx has a theory of the cycle of bourgeoisie society. His theory is that the constant battle of the oppressed and the oppressor will ultimately lead to the revolution of the society. â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes,† (Marx, 9). This hypothesis eventually becomes Marx theory and As Darwin did he backed his theory up with evidence; â€Å"All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority,† (Marx, 20). Marx theory is tried and true in history as he says. For example the French Revolution and the oppression of the lower middle class by the king and bourgeoisie. Another example is GreatShow MoreRelatedThe Radical Nature of Social Contract Theorists Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagessocial contract theorists have worked to understand the ties that bind man. Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Nietzsche, each felt constrained by their times, and because of this introduced radical concepts surrounding the social contract. Each of the philosophers’ revolutionary concepts challenges power and even though their arguments differ dramatically Nietzsche can be viewed as the most radical of the three. Karl Marx is most often recognized as a radical who wanted to overthrow capitalismRead MoreProgress is defined as movement toward a destination. Conflict is defined as being incompatible or1500 Words   |  6 Pagesof some distinguished force. In thinking on this question two scholars immediately present themselves. They are Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. Both of these men, one a naturalist/geologist, the other an economic historian, in their own individual works, which play on opposite sides of the academic sphere, seek to answer this question. In the end, Darwin motivated by fascination, and Marx motivated by political passion, arrive to the same conclusion; that is that humanity cannot progress or move pastRead MoreAn Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th Centuries734 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophical influences in that time period, Marx, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky each represents a decisively different view of history than the view of history previ ously dominant in Western culture. This paper will discuss the historical and cultural events surrounding these five thinkers and show how they shaped, concurrently with scientific developments, the course of human thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Karl Marx, for instance, reacted powerfully against HegelsRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Leonardo De Vinci s David957 Words   |  4 Pagesof separation between church and state was the first step in a future without God being the center of ideas. Locke didn’t want Religion to be abolished; Locke argued that the government lacked authority and power and needed to be divided. Locke’s views on Religion tolerance and the importance of a wall dividing Church and state became what influenced the United States Constitution in the American colonies. Locke wanted a liberty of conscience, a natural right that should be protected from being corruptedRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution Of Creationism977 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of evolution is at odds with the views of many religions, and many people want to allow a religious view of creationism to be taught in the public school system. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the initiation or intervention of God. A person who believes in the biblical model of creation is viewed by some non- believers as a naive, narrow-minded religiousRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature And Religious Belief Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages It really only arose in the last third of the nineteenth century, after the publication of Darwin s book on evolution. In the wake of the furor over Darwin s idea that humans were descended from apes, some people on both sides tried to paint the other side as the enemy. Charles Darwin was the one that put forward the theory that all life evolves by processes of natural selection. According to Darwin, life began with very simple creatures, which gradually evolved over millions of years into moreRead MoreHuman Nature Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pages Is there or is there not human nature? For Charles Darwin the answer is no. Darwin was the first to introduce the concept of evolution. He believed that humans evolved from the ape and not in the image of God. Darwin contradicted Aristotles view that man has a purpose in life -to reason. For Darwin, man has no pur pose. According to Darwin, man began as one of a few species on this planet, fighting for survival. Man was better equipped with certain traits that allowed him to pass through theRead MoreGreat Issues in Western Civilization Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pageswouldn’t be great unless people were affected by it. Then the question is what is an issue, and what makes an issue. First of all, every issue has to have more then one side, and each side has their own point of view. This point of view is usually very ethnocentric as well. Secondly, every point of view is seen with a different perspective, which no one else can see. It all depends on who the source is and what makes up their background. Every human has been socialized in some way, and these circumstancesRead MoreExploring one of the Greatest Theorists of his Time: Charles Darwin1286 Words   |  6 PagesExploring one of the Greatest Theorists of his Time: Charles Darwin Our Society depends upon science, and yet to so many of us what scientists do is a mystery. The sciences are not just collections of facts, but are ordered by theory; which is why Einstein could say that science was a free creation of the human mind. (Bowler) Charles Darwin is one of the most famous scientists and theorists who had ever lived. Darwin has been written from his background to his evolutionary theory and on theRead MoreH.G. Well’s The Time Machine: Fearing Time1033 Words   |  5 Pagesscience fiction, it has numerous visions that were realistic. In the Victorian era, industrialism began expanding. New technology arose to society. When all of this was occurring Charles Darwin published his book in 1859 called â€Å"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection†. The whole theory behind Charles Darwin was survival of the fittest. Though H.G Wells disagreed with this theory. Wells grew up poor and still became a good scientist and writer. H.G. well fear that Victorian era is

Sc300 Big Ideas in Science from Methods to Mutation Free Essays

Jennifer Rivera SC300: Big Ideas in Science: From Methods to Mutation Professor: Shalon Bull August 14, 2012 1. List all of the components of two of your meals. Meal #1 – Breakfast For breakfast I had a Tuna fish sandwich, with lettuce, two slices of tomato, sauteed onions, and Hellmann’s mayonnaise. We will write a custom essay sample on Sc300: Big Ideas in Science: from Methods to Mutation or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also had approximately 10 ounces of Minute Maid Tropical fruit Juice. Meal #2 – Lunch My Lunch consisted of a grilled Tyson chicken breast fillets, with steamed mix vegetables, and 8 ounces of bottle purified Dasani water. 1A. Where did each component of your meal originate? List the country that each part of your meal came from. Meal #1 – Breakfast The origin of the Tuna fish sandwich is as follows; The bread for the sandwich was two slices of Holsum whole wheat bread which is made in Puerto Rico, one 5 ounce chicken of the sea tuna can which is made in San Diego California, The lettuce and tomato was locally grown on the US Virgin Islands St. Croix by local farmers, the Hellmann’s Mayonnaise was made in New York and the Minute Maid Tropical fruit Juice is produced by the Coca Cola Bottling Co. f Atlanta, GA. Meal #2 – Lunch The Tyson Chicken Breast Fillets are from Springdale, Arkansas and the mix vegetables are locally grown on the US Virgin Islands St. Croix by local farmers. The Dasani water is produced by the Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Atlanta, GA. 1B. List where you purchased the products from. Being the St. Croix US Virgin Islands is only 84 square miles and has a population of about 60,000 people we only have two main grocery stores which are the same just two different locations, Plaza Extra East and Plaza Extra West. I do all my shopping for grocery in Plaza Extra East for the last 20 plus years. So Meal #1 – Breakfast, and Meal #2 – Lunch were all purchased from Plaza Extra East on St. Croix USVI. 1C. Consider the chain of events that took the product to get from the farm/laboratory to your table Being that St. Croix is located in the Caribbean, most of our foods supply come from the State of Florida and is ship by containers on ships. The fresh produce and bread are shipped from the island of Puerto Rico where they are made. The only thing that is grown on the Virgin Islands is fresh vegetables and some fruits. 2. What are some of the benefits of a global market and why? List at least 2 benefits, weighing any short-term and long-term impacts. Some of the benefits of global marketing would be that consumers would have a larger range of products to choose from. Another would be the opportunities to small companies which can expand to serve a global market instead of a small country. This would give consumers the opportunity to buy better products at lower cost. Another benefit would be that opening offices in other countries would provide jobs for locals in that country and for the country that is opening the office this means that they will be getting cheaper labor than that which they would pay in their home country for the same job. 3. What are some of the impacts of this global market and why? Considering both short-term and long-term impacts, provide at least 2 negative impacts. Some of the negative impacts that the global market can experience can be caused by poor management of these international markets and others can occur naturally like for example bad weather. Weather and natural disasters can affect the global market in many ways, for example a country like China which exports Rice, can experience bad weather for a year which would affect the production of rice, this would not only affect China economically but cause the global price of rice to rise and the availability of the produce to diminish. So can we as a Country trust the global market as our primary source of food? I would suggest developing the nation’s agriculture programs and the production of foods in our nation the United States of American, and all other countries should do the same. This would be like an emergency reserve in other words. Another negative impact would be regulating the rates of taxation from one country to another. For instance if the rates of taxes are higher in Mexico for an American company then the United States might then move that office to Brazil for example. This would affect the investments market for others which would affect the global market tremendously. 4. Consider the phrase Think Globally, Act Locally. What does it mean to you? This phrase in my opinion means that you are thinking beyond the horizon and understand the issues and needs of the entire world, but need to master and fix the issues of your own country before you can get involved with the rest of the world. I think that if we improve and expand our food production capabilities then we can move on to the global market and work together for the same cause which is to bring food to those places that lack it and so much desires it. 5. Has your research on the global market changed the way you will choose goods in the future? Why or why not? After my research on the global market I would say that I will not be changing the way I choose my goods in the future. I would still choose the things that I like and would not change these things just because a nation or country might be benefiting from my purchase more than another. The one thing that I now understand after my research is the reason why certain name brands of products are more expensive than others. The prices of products in the global market fluctuate based on the economical state of the producing country and the markets demands. I learned that the more money a country has the more food and better quality they get, this is why poor countries lack food, and even more have a smaller variety in the food choices. References J. C. Chavis. (April 2010) Negative Impacts of a Global Market for Investment. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com/money/investing/articles/69512. aspx â€Å"Economic Globalization† UC Atlas of Global Inequality. Retrieved from http://ucatlas. ucsc. edu/economic. php Global Marketing. Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/global-marketing. html How to cite Sc300: Big Ideas in Science: from Methods to Mutation, Essay examples

Detailed Report on Classical Conditioning & Perruchet Effect

Question: Write a report on the classical conditioning and the perruchet effect. Answer: Abstract Classical conditioning is considered to have been the very first form of learning to be discovered and studied within behaviorist tradition (Mitchell, De Houwer Lovibond, 2009). Many individuals today have the general notion that is it one of the most basic types of associative learning, believing that Ivan Pavlovs 1927 dog experiments had something to do with it. Being a Russian scientist, Pavlov started out by studying the digestive system of dogs and eventually was intrigued with his observation. He observed that dogs deprived of food for a given period of time would begin to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. Pavlov then investigated this particular occurrence and established the laws of classical conditioning. From his observations, he determined that a stimulus could become linked with food, causing salivation on its own. This report aims at determining whether or not a conditioned response requires conscious expectation of the Unconditioned Stimuli. An experiment questioning the Perruchet Effect will be conducted and the expectancy ratings measured. The relevant methods and outcomes will also be discussed, and conclusions provided at the end. Introduction The basic classical conditioning procedure takes place when a Neutral Stimulus (NS) is combined with an Unconditional Stimulus (US). Here, the NS can be anything as long as it is not capable of provoking any form of response in the animal or person. The US, on the other hand, is something that automatically results in an inherent response. Pavlov referred this as the Unconditional Response (UR). Notably, classical conditioning emphasizes on the significance of learning from the environment, supporting nurture over nature. One of the numerous strengths of classical conditioning theory is that it is scientific as it is founded on the empirical proof conducted by controlled experiments. Secondly, it is also a reductionist explanation of behavior (Lovibond Shanks, 2002). This means that complicated actions are broken down into smaller stimulus-response units of behavior. An alternate theory contending that the underlying mechanisms of human conditioning incorporate both automatic and co nscious processes has resulted in heated discussions in the literature. The strongest proof for the duel process theory is the one referred to as the Perruchet Effect which refers to a psychological occurrence in which dissociation is indicated between conscious expectation of an event, and the speed or strength of a response to this particular event (Perruchet Vinter, 2002). In 1985, Perruchet carried out an eyeblink conditioning study, providing evidence for a double dissociation between Unconditioned Stimulus expectancy and eyeblink Conditioned Responses in eyeblink conditioning. He made use of a 50% random partial fortification schedule, and participants offered ratings in the course of the intertribal session. Notably, Perruchets study is considered to be quite significant because participants eyeblink Conditioned Responses revealed the opposite pattern (Clark, Manns Squire, 2001). This is to say that as the number of successive non-reinforced trials increased, participants eyeblink CRs gradually decreased. On the other hand, as the number of successive reinforced trials increased, their eyeblink CRs also increased. Perruchet offered some proof against the Unconditioned Stimulus sensitization explanation by including an unpaired control group which received USs and CSs in an unpaired manner. Notably, participants in the US sensitization group did no t indicate any transformations in eyeblink CRs as an outcome of US recency. The role played by knowledge with respect to the connection between CS and US in human Pavlovian conditioning is not well understood. However, despite the presence of a clear-cut consensus on this particular issue, many employees acknowledge that the awareness of CS-US connections is a necessary condition for the occurrence of human conditioning (Moratti Keil, 2005). Recently, there has been a need for cognitive theories of conditioning to pursue the line of inquiry and it is here that the idea of expectancy becomes useful. With regards to the human eyeblink conditioning, Perruchet introduced a model for evaluating the significance of expectancy and conditioning strength. In human learning research, it is often assumed that the experience with unforeseen events between occurrences tend to influence cognition and behavior in manners not necessarily considered to be under the conscious control of the person (Burns Corpus, 2004). However, numerous literatures have highlighted Perruchets dissociation between trends in expectancy of the Unconditioned Stimulus and trends in conditioned responding. Notably, the repetition of CS-US pairings tends to increase the strength of the CS-US connection, together with the possibility that a human respondent realizes the connection between stimuli, expecting the occurrence of the US after the CS. Similarly, the r epetition of CS alone often weakens the firmness of the CS-US connection in keeping with the principle of extinction. The transformations in expectancy as a function of the inherence of preceding runs in Perruchets paradigm are attributed to the Gamblers Fallacy. This is a mistaken tendency to believe that a completed run of a specific result will automatically be balanced by a propensity for the opposite result in the immediate future, given a random sequence of occurrences (Perruchet, Cleeremans Destrebecqz, 2006). It is important to note that while in the Perruchets paradigm sampling is without replacement, the Gamblers Fallacy is applicable to situations where successive occurrences are sincerely random. Human participants are able to demonstrate associative learning by simply recording when they expect the Unconditioned Stimulus to take place. It can also be demonstrated by describing the nature of the contingency between the CS and the US, or both (Lovibond Shanks, 2002). Associative learning is the ability possessed by many organisms to learn about connections between separate occurrences when such events are repeatedly combined with one another. It has been suggested that there exists to autonomous learning systems in function in Pavlovian conditioning. Whereas one system results in declarative available knowledge of the stimulus possibilities, the other incorporates the automatic establishment of excitatory connections between nodes that represent the CS and the US. Notably, this dual system perspective of associative learning is widely accepted. However, the empirical proof on which it is founded is rather weak. Definition of key terms and description of key phenomena US Unconditioned Stimulus UCR Unconditioned Response NS Neutral Stimulus CS Conditioned Stimulus CR Conditioned Response Stimulus Any characteristic of the environment affecting human or animal behavior Extinction The dying out of a CR by breaking the connection between the US and the CS Response The action brought about by the stimulus, such as, the salivating response from Pavlovs experiments with dogs Generalization When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits a response Statement of the Experiment Aim and general description of the experiment, including key variables In this report, an experiment was carried out to determine whether or not Perruchets dissociation was still evident even when participants have a good reason to expect that one outcome is more likely than the other. Participants were expected to score as many points as possible in a coin toss task where the outcome of the coin flip was presented as either Heads or Tails. If the result was Heads, the participants had to press space bar as fast as possible (Livesey Costa, 2013). Conscious expectancy was also included where these participants had to predict whether the next test will be Heads or Tails. Prediction converted to expectancy rating of -5 to 5. Hypothesis in relation to relevant theory (or theories) The main hypothesis in relation to this particular experiment and relevant theories was that there would be a stronger expectancy in Heads predictions than Tails. It was also hypothesized that predictions that are influenced by runs of occurrences are always consistent with the Gamblers Fallacy theory. Method The experiment consisted of 127 university students as the respondents who completed this particular experiment in a tutorial class. There were a total of 86 female students whose average age was 22 years. Participants were randomly allocated to either a tails biased, heads biased, or unbiased condition in each session. Notably, none of the respondents were excluded from the experiment. The devices that were used were the Apple iMac computers installed with programming software, MatLab. These devices were used to create stimuli, provide stimuli, and record reactions. For the experiment, a 3x8 design was utilized, with the between subjects conditions incorporating a heads biased, tails biased, and unbiased condition. While the probability of heads was 0.6, and tails biased 0.4, that of unbiased condition was 0.5 (Mitchell, De Houwer Lovibond, 2009). The basic run framework was consistent with previous studies on the Perruchet effect and the key within subjects factors were randomly ordered lengths of trials. Additionally, the kinds of trials were collated in consecutive 8-run length groups from -5 to 5. When assessing the progression of trials offered to each respondent, repetitions of the same or opposing US as equivalents of positive and negative runs of trials were examined. For the procedure, the participants were informed that they were to take part in a coin toss prediction game whose aim would be to score as many points as possible. The experiment basically consisted of two main tasks, that is a speeded response task and a prediction task. The latter measured conscious expectancy and required respondents to predict the outcome of the coin toss on the following trial. If the correct prediction was made, then the participant would win the number of points they chose, and vice versa. Results From the results, when the participants were presented with a biased coin, there was a stronger expectancy in Heads biased condition than Unbiased. Moreover, weaker expectancy was witnessed in Tails biased condition than Unbiased. Mean prediction was considered to be sensitive to the length of the previous run in all groups. With regards to reaction time, Tails biased condition was slower than the Unbiased one while Heads biased did not indicate any significant difference to the latter (Shanks Lovibond, 2002). Discussion Looking at the experiment that was conducted in relation to Perruchets dissociation, it was observed that predictions actually tend to be influenced by runs of events consistent with the Gamblers Fallacy. The speed of the participants response time was also influenced by runs of events consistent with conditioning. Explicit predictions were quite sensitive to the total probability of each outcome. Response times were not wholly sensitive to the total probability of each result, and the Tails biased group was much slower than their Heads and Unbiased counterparts. Despite these outcomes, Perruchets dissociation still holds true. When grouping participants on whether they exhibited a consistent Gamblers Fallacy or not, those who did not do so showed a downward linear trend on both forms of expectancy trials. The outcomes suggested that when the respondents are clearly asked to make an expectancy judgment, it affects the preparation of the successive choices in a manner that overrides a utomatic influences of learning (Soetens Notebaert, 2005). Since long successive runs of expectancy trials and no expectancy trials were not all inclusive in this experiment, the presence of the Gamblers Fallacy was founded on the results taking place on both these trials. Concurrent measurement of expectancy in choice response time tasks does not necessarily eliminate Perruchets dissociation, but rather prevents its manifestation. Participants still learn the connection between the tone and the result, and it is this learning that affects response time, as the downward linear trend can be seen on the no expectancy trials. Moreover, voluntary responses in the speeded tasks were affected by automatic learning dependent on trial history, and conscious beliefs with regards to upcoming events (Perruchet Vinter, 2002). Overall, the experiment proved reliability of Perruchet Effect when expectancy was moderated or manipulated. The limited number of relevant research studies has left much room for generalization and expansion. Future research is therefore necessary with regards to instructions conveyed to participants about the actual possibility of different results. A masking task often used in conditioning literature can also be exploited in order to limit participants engagement of higher-order cognitive processes (Clark, Manns Squire, 2001). The influence of greater variations in the procedure could be explored. Conclusion Concurrent measurement of expectancy in choice response time does not usually get rid of the Perruchet Effect. However, automatic facilitation founded on previous trial history is temporarily weakened when respondents have to clearly record their conscious expectations, especially when indicating a consistent Gamblers Fallacy bias in their expectancy ratings. In Perruchets experiment, studies tend to produce the opposite trend in conditioned responding. Additionally, priming of a voluntary action displays a similar trend to conditioned responding. The strength of the conditioned response is thus influenced by factors other than the conscious expectation of the outcome. References Burns, B., Corpus, B. (2004). Randomness and inductions from streaks: Gamblers fallacy versus hot hand. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 11. Pp. 179 184. Clark, R.E., Manns, J.R., Squire, L.R. (2001). Trace and delay eyeblink conditioning: Contrasting phenomena of declarative and nondeclarative memory. Psycho Sci., 12. Pp. 304 308. Livesey, E.J., Costa, D.S.J. (2013). Automaticity and conscious control in single and choice response time versions of the Perruchet effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(4). Pp. 646 664. Lovibond, P.F. Shanks, D.R. (2002). The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 28(1). Pp. 3 26. Mitchell, C.J., De Houwer, J., Lovibond, P.F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 32. Pp. 183 246. Moratti, S., Keil, A. (2005). Cortical activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning depends on heart rate response patterns: An MEG study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res., 25. Pp. 459 471. Perruchet, P., Vinter, A. (2002). The self-organizing consciousness. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 25. Pp. 297 330. Perruchet, P., Cleeremans, A., Destrebecqz, A. (2006). Dissociating the effects of automatic activation and explicit expectancy on reaction times in a simple associative learning task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32. Pp. 955 965. Shanks, D.R., Lovibond, P.F. (2002). Automatic and eyeblink conditioning are closely related to contingency awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior, Processes, 28. Pp. 38 42. Soetens, E., Notebaert, W. (2005). Response monitoring and expectancy in random serial RT tasks. Acta Psychologica, 119. Pp. 189 216.